The homework for today (19-03-2015) was paragraph 1-5 in chapter 4 - "Making Nation States 1848-1871".
Answer the following questions indivdually and post your answers as a comment to this post. Write your answers as complete sentences, not just bullit points.
1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
2. How did the international situation change in the 1850's?
3. What was Napoleon IIIs view on nationalism and the national movements in Europe?
4. To what extent was Napoleon III able to live up to his promises in Italy and Germany?
5. Who was Garibaldi, and what role did he play in the unification of Itlay?
6. How is Garibaldi often portrayed? Find pictures and/or paintings of him online. What impression do you get of Garibaldi from the pictures/paintings?
Mads Gregers Rynord
SvarSlet1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
- i) changes in the international situation that made the re-drawing of states possible; , :•'.
- ii) the leadership of a powerful state which married its own ambitions to calls for national unification;
- iii) once powerful states willing to make concessions to, or too weak to resist, nationalist challenges;
- iv) the active involvement of one or more great powers willing to use force or the threat of force to overcome obstacles to change.
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2. How did the international situation change in the 1850's?
The Crimean war broke the peace.
Finally, the 1850s and 60s saw the rise to prominence of able politicians and diplomatists in Piedmont (Cavour) and Prussia (Bismarck) who were willing to explore the new situation to further their states' ambitions. Napoleon Ill and the 'Principle of Nationality' 59 However, perhaps the key figure in international politics, at least before 1860, was Napoleon III.
3. What was Napoleon IIIs view on nationalism and the national movements in Europe?
In foreign affairs, Napoleon Ill's policy was shaped by a variety of motives. He was, of course, affected by his view of his uncle, Napoleon Bonaparte. He wanted to overturn the Vienna settlement, secure France 's natural frontiers, restore France's national pride and international prestige, and act as the patron of the 'principle of nationality'.
4. To what extent was Napoleon III able to live up to his promises in Italy and Germany?
Napoleon helped to set up an Italian state. He hoped to make the Italian state a weak one that would receive help from the French state.
The germans did not want the French to help them build a state, as they were deeply suspicious of the French ambitions.
5. Who was Garibaldi, and what role did he play in the unification of Italy?
the nationalist guerrilla leader Garibaldi supported Victor Emmanuel as the king in a unified and possibly democratic Italy.
6. How is Garibaldi often portrayed? Find pictures and/or paintings of him online. What impression do you get of Garibaldi from the pictures/paintings?
He is portrayed as a war hero and he has a magnificent beard. Powerful posture. Seems like he is towering in front of the painter.
Hákun and Usama
SvarSlet1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
i) changes in the international situation that made the re-drawing of states possible; , :•'.
ii) The leadership of a powerful state which married its own ambitions to calls for national unification;
iii) Once powerful states willing to make concessions to, or too weak to resist, nationalist challenges;
iv) The active involvement of one or more great powers willing to use force or the threat of force to overcome obstacles to change.
2. How did the international situation change in the 1850's?
The Crimean war (1854 – 1856) broke the peace 1815 and the 1850s and 60s saw the rise to prominence of able politicians and diplomatists in Piedmont (Cavour) and Prussia (Bismarck) who were willing to explot the new situation to further their states' ambitions. Napoleon Ill and the 'Principle of Nationality' 59 However, perhaps the key figure in international politics, at least before 1860, was Napoleon III.
3. What was Napoleon IIIs view on nationalism and the national movements in Europe?
In foreign affairs, Napoleon Ill's policy was shaped by a variety of motives. He was, of course, affected by his view of his uncle, Napoleon Bonaparte. He wanted to overturn the Vienna settlement, secure France 's natural frontiers, restore France's national pride and international prestige, and act as the patron of the 'principle of nationality'.
4. To what extent was Napoleon III able to live up to his promises in Italy and Germany
He helped set up an Italian state, but one with less French influence than intended. German nationalists did not want French help to set up a German state.
5. Who was Garibaldi, and what role did he play in the unification of Italy?
He was a nationalist guerrilla leader. He supported Victor Emmanuel as the King of a united, and if possible democratic, Italy.
6. How is Garibaldi often portrayed? Find pictures and/or paintings of him online. What impression do you get of Garibaldi from the pictures/paintings?
He is portrayed as a war hero. Powerful posture from frog perspective view, standing with his sabre, his magnificent beard and his silly hat.
Sahar and Rousse
SvarSlet1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
-. Changes in the international situation, which re-draws the states
-. The leadership of a state married its own ambitions for national unification
-. Powerful states willing to make concessions to resist, nationalist challenges
-. Powers willing to use force to overcome obstacles to change
2. How did the international situation change in the 1850's?
-. The holy alliance broke because Austria took the position of armed neutrality against Russia, fearing to extend her influence in the Balkans. The war weakened Austria and Russia so led Britain to adopt policy in international affairs. Finally the rise of prominence of politicians and diplomatists, exploit the new situation to further their state’s ambition.
3. What was Napoleon IIIs view on nationalism and the national movements in Europe?
-. His view about nationalism was always interrupted by a concerned for French interests, glory and public support at home.
4. To what extent was Napoleon III able to live up to his promises in Italy and Germany?
-. Napoleon lll always wanted to help Italy, promised them to gave what they want and gave them their freedom. Napoleon wanted to help piedmont to create a kingdom in Italy under Austrian influence, but also wanted to secure France’s southern frontier by acquiring nice and savoy
-. Napoleon did not want Germany to become strong otherwise they will attack France, so his goal was to secure Germany frontiers than to support German nationalist aspirations
5. Who was Garibaldi, and what role did he play in the unification of Italy?
-. He was a nationalist guerrilla leader. He lead a small army in 1860 and captured Sicily. Garibaldi agreed to unite the southern areas from Sicily , Italian mainland and the north, which were areas he conquered, with the kingdom of piedmont
6. How is Garibaldi often portrayed? Find pictures and/or paintings of him online. What impression do you get of Garibaldi from the pictures/paintings?
-. He is always wearing a red t-shirt, and the ones that followed him also wore red t-shirts, the were known as “garibaldi and his red t-shirts. He is a serious and powerful man and also devoted to his country.
1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
SvarSletChanges in the international situation that made the re-drawing of states possible.
The leadership of a powerful state which married its own ambitions to calls for national unification.
Once powerful states willing to make concessions to, or too weak to resist, nationalist challenges.
The active involvement of one or more great powers willing to use force or the threat of force to overcome obstacles to change.
1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
SvarSletIn order to establish a nation state after 1848, re-drawing of states was needed. The nation state also resulted from the leadership of a powerful state that married its own ambitions to calls for national unification and once powerful states willing to make concessions to, or too weak to resist, nationalist challenges. The creation of the nation states also came from the active involvement of one or more great powers willing to use force or the threat of force to overcome obstacles to change.
2. How did the international situation change in the 1850's?
The Crimean war between Russia and the alliance of Britain, France, Piedmont, and the Turkish Empire broke the Holy Alliance and the European peace. This was broken because Austria took the position of armed neutrality against Russia during the war. The war weakened Austria and Russia and Britain adopted an isolationist policy in international affairs. The rise of prominence happened during the 50’s and 60’s led to diplomatists in Piedmont and Prussia to exploit the new situation to further their states’ ambitions. However, napoleon III was the figure in changing the international situation in the 50’s.
3. What was Napoleon IIIs view on nationalism and the national movements in Europe?
Napoleon wanted to restore order and unify France as a nation. However, Napoleon’s sympathy for nationalism was always tempered by a concern for French interest and glory. By supporting the national movement, France would gain allies.
-Josephine, Rikke, Asta
Anna (part 1):
SvarSlet1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
To make the re-drawing of the map possible, there had to be made changes in the international situation. Nation leaders called for national unification by using their own ambitions and states that had been powerful before, where now to weak to resist nationalist challenges. Lastly, they needed the help of one (or more) of the great powers who were willing to use force (or, at least threaten with force) to overcome obstacles. If they didn't have these factors, the nation would fail to achieve statehood (eg. the poles, czechs, croats, slovaks)
2. How did the international situation change in the 1850's?
The Holy Alliance (coalition between Austria, Russia, and Prussia) was broken as Austria took the position of armed neutrality against Russia during the crimean war. They did this, because they were scared that Russia would extend their influence to the Balkans. The crimean war was between Russia, and the alliance of Britain, France, Piedmont and the Turkish Empire. Britain also took a more isolationist stand (staying out of other countries business as to serve their own countries interest better). Napoleon III also played a huge part. He was partly shaped by his uncle, and tried to overturn the Vienna Settlement. Because of his uncle, he also had to spend time reassuring the great powers that he was better in some sort, and at the same time pursue his own interest of bringing glory back to France (especially by securing national borders in French and Belgium) and freeing the Italians.
3. What was Napoleon IIIs view on nationalism and the national movements in Europe?
He wanted to secure Frances national pride again, and therefore acted as the patron of Nationalism. Therefore he did support the Poles, Rumanians and the German national state. He still wanted them to be weak though, and his main interest was France. He also wanted to free the Italians, to create a weak Italian state that was under Frances influence. This did not work out as planned, and their influence over Italy was weak. It set the French against Italian nationalists and made France seem expansionist (which they were, as Napoleon III wanted to extend borders and get as much power as possible). Since France wanted to expand national borders, they lowkey supported German, meaning they supported them indirectly. This also failed, and they were not able to expand territory.
As we can see from this, Napoleon III tended to use nationalism to his own advantage. While he did seem to sincerely support nationalism, it was always important that the resultant nation states were either weak and/or under the influence of France. His goals may have worked better, hadn't the rest of Europe still been suspicious of his motives because of the previous history with France under his uncles control.
Anna (part 2):
SvarSlet4. To what extent was Napoleon III able to live up to his promises in Italy and Germany?
As lightly mentioned before (Q 3), he did manage to "free" the Italians; As in, they became a national state. However, he did not manage to get the Italian state under the control of France. Germany did become a nation state, but it was less because of France, and more because of the neutrality in the Austrian-Prussian war in 1866.
5. Who was Garibaldi, and what role did he play in the unification of Itlay?
Garibaldi was a national guerrilla leader. After 1860, northern Italy was united, but Garibaldi wanted entire Italy to be a nation state. His aims were a united, democratic Italy and Rome as the capital. In April he gathered a force of thousand men to help the Sicilians against Naples. This was a nationalist uprising of the sort, that he thought would help a unified Italy. Cavour, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, distrusted Garibaldi (Cavour was a democrat) but could neither openly oppose him (he would seem to betray the nationalist cause) or support him (of fear of international effects). Garibaldi managed to win although being strongly disadvantaged, as the Neapolitan army in Sicily was about 24 000 men more, and way more well equipped, since Garibaldi didn't have any support.
To get Rome, Garibaldi had to fight Victor Emmanuel for whom he had fought before. He did not suceed, and Emmanuel became the ruler of the Kingdom of Italy.
6. How is Garibaldi often portrayed? Find pictures and/or paintings of him online. What impression do you get of Garibaldi from the pictures/paintings?
He seems old, with white beard and hair. He looks very proud, and gives of the impression of a great leader. This is especially based on his posture and direct stare to the audience. He wears somewhat common clothing which makes him seem more in touch with the common people. This makes sense, as he was often applauded for his way to rouse common folks into great thinking. He has a suspicious stare and it makes him seem as someone you would trust, and someone who knows what they're doing.
Daniel Bang Riis.
SvarSlet1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
A powerful state to gather the people and are willing cooperate, or weak states unable to resist nationalist challenges and powerful movements to force those nationalist challenges onto the states.
2. How did the international situation change in the 1850's?
The Crimean War broke the Holy Alliance and the European peace. The Holy Alliance was broken, because Austria was afraid of Russia’s eventual influence in the Balkans. Austria and Russia were both weakened by this.
3. What was Napoleon IIIs view on nationalism and the national movements in Europe?
Napoleon III, wanted to secure the French borders. He was seen as a symbol for the nation, and as the one who would unify all of France. He wanted to “support” Italy, the Poles and the creation of a German national state.
4. To what extent was Napoleon III able to live up to his promises in Italy and Germany?
Napoleon III, helped in the creation of a united Italy, but they got too much power, and the French lost most of the influence in Italy. The French policy of protecting the pope in Rome backfired, since it led to the Italians wanting Rome as their capital of the united Italy.
The French helping the Italians creating a united Italy, made the Germans seek to Prussia for help to create a German nation state.
5. Who was Garibaldi, and what role did he play in the unification of Italy?
Garibaldi was a nationalist guerrilla leader and the military hero of Mazzini’s Roman Republic in 1849. By 1860 the northern Italian front was taken by, Victor Emmanuel. Cavour and Piedmont would have been satisfied with that, but Garibaldi got an appeal from Sicily, saying there were revolt had broken out against Naples, and gathered forces and went to Sicily, to help them out.
6. How is Garibaldi often portrayed? Find pictures and/or paintings of him online. What impression do you get of Garibaldi from the pictures/paintings?
The pictures are often portrayed as an older man, often with a hat or holding a sword standing straight up.
1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
SvarSletOne of the big factors that needed to take place was that a big and powerful state was needed to help create these new independent states. The powerful states could help overcome challenges or obstacles so new nation states could be established. An example of this was when the Prussian King helped creating a German Empire without Austria.
2. How did the international situation change in the 1850's?
War broke out in 1854. The war was between Russia and the alliance of Britain, France, Piedmont and the Turkish Empire. The Holy Alliance was broken because Austria refused to take a side and remained military neutrality against Russia during the war, because Austria was afraid Russia would extend its territory to the Balkan area. As a result of the war Austria and Russia were greatly weakened and therefore they had to change their international affairs.
3. What was Napoleon IIIs view on nationalism and the national movements in Europe?
Napoleon III had as soon as he had gained power he wanted to secure the frontiers of France, restore the peoples national pride and international prestige. He had very similar thoughts about his country as his uncle Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon III said that he wanted to "do something for Italy", he supported the Poles, Rumanians and the creation of a German state.
4. To what extent was Napoleon III able to live up to his promises in Italy and Germany?
Napoleon III helped to create a united Italy, however the united Italy had was more powerful than France would have wanted and as a resultant of that, France had very little influence over Italy. France wanted to protect the holy pope and in that way the Italian nationalists wanted the capital of their united Italy to be Rome. The fact that France had helped make a united Italy, encouraged German nationalists to look to Prussia, so that Prussia could help create a German state. Therefore Napoleon III helped Italy but at the same time had influenced the Germans to take the same step as the united Italy had done.
5. Who was Garibaldi, and what role did he play in the unification of Italy?
Garibaldi was a nationalist guerrilla leader. Garibaldi was the military hero of Mazzini's Roman Republic in 1849. Garibaldi and Napoleon III together worked to help create a united Italy.
In 1860 the northern Italy had been united under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel, despite Piedmont not wishing to unite more parts of Italy, Garibaldi wanted the opposite. Therefore Garibaldi went to Sicily because there had been revolts, so he wanted to help them. In that way Garibaldi helped several parts of Italy to unite to a complete united Italy with the help of Napoleon III.
6. How is Garibaldi often portrayed? Find pictures and/or paintings of him online. What impression do you get of Garibaldi from the pictures/paintings?
The pictures of Garibaldi are often portrayed as an older man with a white big beard. Wearing a hat and sometimes with an Italian flag in his hand. That means that he is portrayed as a nationalist and an important person. There are many pictures of him as an older person and that must mean that a lot of the important things he did was in his older years, these pictures also make him seem very wise because he have the big white beard.
By; Dina
SvarSlet1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
The Crimean war created disagreements between the great powers and so they repealed the disagreement to maintain stable borders. This made it possible for people with the ambition to create a nation state to conquer land and convince people in other countries to become a part of their nation state.
Leaders of some states decided to follow the ambition of creating a nation state instead of just staying within their borders.
Some of the states, which previously had, had a great amount of power, had gotten too weak to fight against liberal ideas and the creation of a constitution.
Some powerful states decided to support nationalist movements both within their own borders and in foreign countries. Among other things they decided to support them with military.
2. How did the international situation change in the 1850's?
The Crimean War (1854-56) created tension between the different states in the Vienna Settlement. This meant that they in the end repealed the agreement to maintain stable borders.
3. What was Napoleon IIIs view on nationalism and the national movements in Europe?
Napoleon III wanted to support nationalist movements. But he did this in order to create allies for the French and he did not in any way want these nation states to grow greater than France.
(1) There was a change in the international situation due to the Crimean War, which occurred in 1850s. The Holy Alliance and peace from the Vienna Settlement was broken because Austria went against Russia. Because of this event it was possible to re-draw the states’ borders.
SvarSletThe leaders of powerful states gained power by following the ambitions to create national unification instead of following the traditional policies.
Some states got too weak to resist nationalism or ended up making an agreement with the nationalists.
Power is needed for change to happen and the creation a nation state. Therefore the people in progress towards creating a new state needed great powers to back them up and be willing to use violence or threats to overcome issues.
(2) The Crimean War (1854-1856) occurred, which was a war between Russia and the alliance of France, Piedmont, the Turkish Empire and Britain. Due to this event tension was created between the nation states in the Vienna Settlement. This situation made it possible to re-draw the states’ borders
(3) Napoleon III wanted to support nationalist movements. But he did this in order to create allies for the French but yet he did not want any of these nation states to become greater than France.
Lulu
Q.1 A feeling of Naionalism, a national language and writing,
SvarSletQ,2 . After The Crimean War the Holy Alliance and the trust got broken. Several countries also got weakened and led to some countries also adapted a more isolationist policy in the international affairs.
History: Q 4. In a bid to help Italy and also getting something back, Napoleon in 1859 signed Treaty of Plombières. Which granted French aid to Italy against the Austrian Empire and in return France got the territories of Savoy and Nice.
German nationalists were deeply suspicious of Napoleon. Because of that Napoleon did not ave a direct approach to gain advantages from any reshaping of Germany. Napoleon and France did not gain anything, which led to a French national humiliation.
1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
SvarSlet- Nations having their own nationality and having the feeling of a nationality.
- Considerations of the principle nationality.
2. How did the international situation change in the 1850's?
- There was a war between Russia and the alliance of Britain, France, Piedmont and the Turkish Empire, which ended the European piece that had lasted since 1815.
3. What was Napoleon IIIs view on nationalism and the national movements in Europe?
- His view was the “Principle of Nationality”
- Napoleon III’s policy was shaped by a variety of motives. He was also effected by the view his of his uncle, Napoleon Bonaparte.
- He wanted to overturn the Vienna settlement, secure France 's natural frontiers, restore France's national pride and international prestige, and act as the patron of the 'principle of nationality'
By Amalie
Victoria Vold
SvarSlet1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
a) The Crimean War (1854-56) changed the international situation because of the break of the peace declaration (by Austria against Russia) in the Vienna Settlement. The nation states could now expand their borders since the peace declaration was broken.
b) Leaders of powerful states decided, with the support from nationalist movements, to create a nation state.
c) Once powerful states decided to listen to the people and they created a constitution on the basis of the people’s wants (maybe nationalistic opinions). This could be because the state wanted to become powerful again. So to become that, the realized that they needed the support of the people.
d) In order to create a nation state, the countries needed help from other powerful nation states to fight protests.
2. How did the international situation change in the 1850’s?
Because of the Crimean War (1854-56) between Russia and the alliance of Britain, France, Piedmont and the Turkish Empire. The war broke the Holy Alliance and the peace had lasted since 1815. The Holy Alliance was broken by Austria.
3. How was Napoleon III’s view on nationalism and the national movements in Europe?
Napoleon supported the nationalist movements because it would help France gain allies and satellites. Also it would fulfill French interests, glory and public support.
Hadi Farhat
SvarSlet1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
changes in the international situation that made the re-drawing of states possible; , :•'
. ii) the leadership of a powerful state which married its own ambitions to calls for national unification;
iii) once powerful states willing to make concessions to, or too weak to resist, nationalist challenges;
iv) the active involvement of one or more great powers willing to use force or the threat of force to overcome obstacles to change
2. How did the international situation change in the 1850's?
The holy alliance was broken in addition to the European peace that had lasted since 1815.
3. What was Napoleon IIIs view on nationalism and the national movements in Europe?
h e often told Cavour, to 'do something for Italy. he also supported the Poles and Rumanians and the creation of a German national state . He was affected by his uncle´s point of view. He wanted to overturn the Vienna settlement, secure France 's natural frontiers, restore France's national pride and international prestige
4. To what extent was Napoleon III able to live up to his promises in Italy and Germany?
the resultant Italian state was more powerful than France wanted and French influence over it was slight
As a result of the frenchs helping the italians, that made the germans ask for help from Prussia inorder to create a a german state.
5. Who was Garibaldi, and what role did he play in the unification of Itlay?
.Garibaldi is an italian leader and Nationalist. He played a huge role in the urification of italy. Garibaldi and his forces who were nationalists captured Sicely. They conquered parts of the Piedmont-Sardinia. Then he wanted to unite the parts he has conqqured
1. On 14th January 1848 the authorities banned a "banquet", one of a series that had intermittently been held by 'liberal' interests after July 1847 in Paris, and subsequently widely across France, in protest at such things as limitations on the right of assembly and the narrow scope of the political franchise, with the result that the it was postponed by its organisers.
SvarSlet-Liberal and nationalist aspirations appeared to have been dashed.
-Prussia and Piedmont retained limited constitutions that gave liberals some hope for the future , but in general the nationalist bubble appeared to have burst.
- changes in the international situation that made the re-drawing of states possible
- the leadership of a powerful state which married its own ambitions to calls for nation unification
- once powerful states willing to make concessions to, or too weak to resist, nationalist changes
- the active involvement of one or more great powers willing to use force or the threat of force to overcome obstacles to change.
2. The 1850 s saw the rise to prominence of able politicians and diplomatists in Piedmont (Cavour) and Prussia (Bismarck) , who were willing to exploit the new station to further their states , ambitions.
3. Napoleon 3 he wanted to overturn the Vienna settlement , secure France’s natural frontiers , restore France’s national pride and international prestige, and act as a patron of the “ principle of nationality”. Napoleon responded to the appeal and signed the Treaty of Plombiers with Piedmont (1858). Napolens approach to the Italian question was not , however, unambiguous support for idea of a united peninsula. The role of the French army was decisive in creating a united Italy. French policy had inadvertenly encouraged Ferman nationalists to look to Prussian leadership in a drive for a German nation state.
Ismail Kaplan
SvarSlet1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
Powerful states had to agree, and once they did, they used great powers willing to use force in order to overcome obstacles.
2. How did the international situation change in the 1850's?
In 1850s the international situation saw the rise to prominence of able politicians and pilomatists in Piedmont and Prussia who were wlling to explore the situation to improve their states ambitions, which led change to the international situation.
3. What was Napoleon IIIs view on nationalism and the national movements in Europe?
Napoleon was affected by his uncles view, and he wanted to secure Frances natural frontiers, restore France’s national pride and international prestige, and overturn the Vienna settlement.
4. To what extent was Napoleon III able to live up to his promises in Italy and Germany?
Napoleon III was not really able to live up to his promises in Italy, he wanted to make Italy a weak country in order to strengthen France.
1.The factors that played a crucial role are that almost all the revolutions in 1848 had failed. Liberal and nationalist aspirations were dashed and almost eevrything went back to the way it was before.
SvarSlet2. The Crimean war (1854-56) broke the Holy alliance and the european peace that had lasted since 1815. The holy alliance was broken because of Austria staying neutral in the war.
3. Napoleon the 3rd was the leader who stood above party and fraction, the leader that would unify the nation and bring the so called 'la glorie'.
4.He signed the 'Treaty of Plombieres' in Piedmont (1858).He was trying to create a weak Italian kingdom under the control of france.
1. Which factors needed played a crucial role in the process of establishing a nation state after 1848?
SvarSletWhilst the contribution of a national movement could be crucial in defining the progress towards and the shape of any eventual new state, the creation of these nation states resulted from a combination of additional factors:
i) changes in the international situation that made the re-drawing of states possible; , :•'.
ii) the leadership of a powerful state which married its own ambitions to calls for national unification;
iii) once powerful states willing to make concessions to, or too weak to resist, nationalist challenges;
iv) the active involvement of one or more great powers willing to use force or the threat of force to overcome obstacles to change.
2. How did the international situation change in the 1850's?
The Crimean War, from 1854 to 1856, between Russia and the alliance of Britain, France, Piedmont and the Turkish Empire broke the Holy Alliance and the European peace, which had lasted since 1815.
The Holy Alliance was broken because Austria took the position of armed neutrality against Russia during the war, fearing Russia’s attempt to extend her influence into the Balkans.
The war also weakened both Austria and Russia and led Britain to adopt a more isolationist policy in international affairs.
Finally, the 1850s and 60s saw politicians and diplomatists in Piedmont and Prussia, willing to exploit the new situation to further their states' ambitions.
3. What was Napoleon IIIs view on nationalism and the national movements in Europe?
He wanted to overturn the Vienna settlement, secure France 's natural frontiers, restore France's national pride and international prestige, and act as the patron of the 'principle of nationality'.
He wanted to 'do something for Italy'; he also supported the Poles and Rumanians and the creation of a German national state (as long as it was weak).
However, his sympathy for nationalism was always tempered by a concern for French interests, glory and public support at home. By helping aspiring national movements, for instance, France would gain allies and satellites.
As Napoleon III said in 1859: 'a great nation is like a star - it cannot live without satellites' . Napoleon Ill's first attempt to restore French international prestige in the Crimean War was successful.
4. To what extent was Napoleon III able to live up to his promises in Italy and Germany?
Italy:
b) Napoleon responded to the appeal and signed the Treaty of Plombieres with Piedmon. Napoleon's approach to the Italian question was a sort of ambiguous support for the idea of a united peninsula.
However, a weak Italy under French influence was attractive. The role or the French army was decisive in creating a united Italy. However, the resultant Italian state was more powerful than France wanted.
Germany:
a) The break-up of the German Confederation would be another failure of the Vienna Settlement, but, on the other hand, a strong unified Germany would threaten France. Napoleon's approach to the German question was perhaps more obviously shaped by French ambitions to secure her natural border, than to support German nationalist goals. A strong Italy and a strong Germany, however justifiable in nationalist terms, were not compatible with French national interest; but French intervention in 1859 in Italy and neutrality in the Austro-Prussian war in 1866 played their part in bringing about both states.
Aleksandra and Line